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Exchanging property you have for property you want is a modern version of the
oldest form of commerce, bartering.
Tax advantages
Exchanging property allows an owner to defer paying taxes on a gain,
while acquiring a more desirable property. Most real estate exchanges
are referred to by the section of the IRS tax code (Section 1031)
that applies to the transaction. Section 1031 allows for the tax-free
exchange of like-for-like real property held for business, income
or investment. The nature of this exemption also means that you
cannot use this exchange to get rid of your home, unless it was
a residential property that had been rented out (becoming income).
Types of exchange
A direct exchange of one property for another between two owners
is uncommon. The transaction is more likely to involve three parties
or more parties and become very complicated.
In a delayed exchange (aka Starker Exchange), an owner sells a
property and the proceeds are held in escrow until another suitable
property is found. To be valid, the seller cannot have access to
these funds. In addition, the seller must identify an exchange property
for purchase within 45 days of closing and purchase that property
within 180 days of closing.
Boot
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Not all exchanges are completely tax-free. If a “boot”
is involved, then the value of the boot is fully taxable. Boot is
unlike property used to even out an unequal trade. Generally, boot
is money, but can also be personal property such as jewelry or automobiles.
If one party to the exchange gets debt relief because the property
traded had more indebtedness than the property acquired, then the
amount of that debt relief will be considered a taxable gain.
Other advantages
An exchange can also solve problems and provide other advantages
in addition to tax benefits. It could be an opportunity for increased
depreciation by exchanging a property with little depreciation value
to one with greater value. A raw land owner can exchange for an
apartment complex and thus acquire an income generating investment.
An investor can consolidate several properties and exchange for
one large property. You can also trade up by “pyramiding”
your equity.
As in any transaction, but particularly in an exchange, it’s
vital to have a true assessment of the property’s value. Look
at comparable properties and employ an assessor, if necessary. Investors
should also consult with someone who specializes in exchanges, particularly
a real estate lawyer or CPA.
Important: Don’t enter into an exchange situation to merely
avoid paying taxes. If you wouldn’t otherwise buy the property
at the price and terms offered, don’t do it because it’s
tax-free.
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